The Theory Of Scientific Abuse - 929 Words

Scientific Abuse Darwin, the name widely recognized as the grandfather of evolution, describes evolution as â€Å"organ, instinct, or any whole being...arriving at its present state by many graduated steps† (Darwin 158). The struggle for survival forces organisms to evolve gradually and adapt to their environment, therefore increasing their chances of survival. Darwin furthers his theories into the origins of species in which he explains how â€Å"several breeds to which each has attended, are descended from aboriginally distinct species† (Darwin 103). The observation of the animals suggests that they further originate from a single ancestor. Darwin’s points are biological in nature. Other notable scientific figures have built upon Darwin’s idea in†¦show more content†¦Spencer then points out how the evolved â€Å"division of labor† characterizes an â€Å"advanced nation† and the more society move towards specialization, the better it is as a whole. Similarly, Galton talks about the evolution of society as whole, however, he brings up methodologies in which society can be improved. He states â€Å"The possibility of improving the race of a nation depends on the power of increasing the productivity of the best stock† (Galton 24). In simple terms, the level at which society improves is determined by how well the upper class can reproduce. Galton is, thereby, implying selective parenthood. In theory, as generation continue, the increase in intellects would result in a more able society. Adding on to Galton, in the early 20th century, Davenport puts the use of â€Å"human harvest† in his study of eugenics. He singles out the criminal minded, the feeble-minded, the mentally ill, and the impoverished groups in society. He proposes â€Å"control by the state of propagation of the mentally incompetent† (Davenport 4). He does, however, qualify that he does not mean control by means of extermination, but sterilization of the â€Å"mentally incompetent† is not out of reach. Davenport believes that such â€Å"characteristics are inheritable ... and they may be combined in any desirable mosaic† suggesting selective breeding of the human population in order to build a better class of humans. The ideas of

Two Main Approaches to Learn About Nature in the Process of Science Free Essays

In the process of science, scientist use two main approaches to learn about nature; Discovery Science and Hypothesis based science. With Discovery Science, scientist observe and describe objects, and with Hypothesis based Science, scientist make a hypothesis, make deductions and then test the predictions. In our everyday lives we use Hypothesis based science to solve many different problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Main Approaches to Learn About Nature in the Process of Science or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is a criterion that is needed in order to have a hypothesis-based scientific study. To start you must have an observation and generalizations from discovery science. You must have questions and tentative answers to the questions. You must also have deductions that will lead you to predictions. And lastly be able to test the predictions to see if the hypothesis is falsiable. In experiments the use of control groups and experimental groups helps to control the variables. A large sample size is always a better choice than a small sample size to eliminate the possibility of chance. A case study of hypothesis-based science is both different from and similar to a case study from every day life. The two are similar in many ways. Both studies require that you make an observation as well as make a hypothesis from the observation. They are also similar in the fact that they both need a prediction, and both predictions needed to be tested in order to see if they are falsiable. The two are also very different from each other in other aspects. A hypothesis based science study needs to have two different groups of subjects; an example would be an experimental group and a control group. Hypothesis based science also needs to factor in sample size. With a case study from every day life there are a lot less factors that you have to be concerned with. The basic differences between the two are as follows: Everyday Life -Hypothesize using testable and falsifiable hypotheses -are predicted by using If-Then statements -Test predictions -Conclude the findings Hypothesis Based Science -The above steps but with tighter regulations -Experimental and control groups are required -Sample size must be large enough to generalize results -Must be an experimental variable An experiment of my choice that I researched is a double-blind study evaluating the long-term safety of varenicline for smoking cessation (WILLIAMS Kathryn E. ; REEVES Karen R. BILLING Clare B. ; PENNINGTON Ann M. ; GONG Jason) This experiment asses the safety of long term varenidine for smoking cessation. Subjects were chosen at random, and it was large sample size of 376. There was a control group and an experimental group. The experimental group received varenicline and the control group received a placebo. Subjects were monitored by weekly visits that after week eight turne d into visits of every 4 weeks. Subjects vital signs were documented each visit along with smoking status. All subjects were also provided with a brief counseling. The conclusions of this study were: â€Å"Varenicline 1 mg BID can be safely administered for up to 1 year. Varenicline was also a more effective smoking cessation aid than placebo throughout the study, supporting both its short- (12-week) and long-term (52-week) efficacy† I chose this study because I think that it fits the criteria and demonstrates the basic considerations in a good designed study. I can use my knowledge of the scientific method when reading medical journals to figure out the authenticity of the experiment. This will help me as a nurse to comprehend the research being presented on specific diseases as well as treatments. How to cite Two Main Approaches to Learn About Nature in the Process of Science, Essays

Global Financial Management

Questions: Your response to the Key Concepts Exercise has done good work in responding to all of the questions that were raised. You pointed out importance of global institutions in international commerce and the role and some of the functions of the global institutions like the WTO, the IMF and the World Bank. In the process you have also addressed some of the criticisms that have been launched against the institutions named above; I would be inclined to present the institutions before critiquing their performance The comments good and they capture the essence of the exercise. I would like to make a couple of suggestions: (a) comment on the changes in the mission and the functions of these institutions since the initial time of implementation as mandated by the changes in the global economy (b) discuss the emergence of NGOs and private foundations as supplementary to the work of these institutions and (c) point out some of the political and economic factors that affect the exchange rate and the decisions of various countries to select one type over another type of exchange rate regime. Answers: Global integration and international finance In recent years, world economy and international finance is gaining huge importance because of export and import of goods international. Companies all over the world are not only focusing to market their product and services within the country (Rugman and Collinson 2012). There are trying to expand their market base globally to earn more profit and gain international importance. In this process, they have to go through the foreign exchange market where they have to rely heavily on the prevailing exchange rate, which may turn out either way. Answer 1: Hostility in the action of WTO, IMF and World bank It is often said that their action generate hostility because this three organization are partial to the more developed countries and give them more benefits as compared to the under developed countries. This may give a sense of injustice to the poor countries, which in turn affects their attitude towards the foreign organization in their home country in the form of tax disadvantages and political boundaries (Adrei 2014). It can be said that hostility is undeserved as every nation is to be treated equal as per trade laws. However, it must be kept in mind that nations like USA and EU contributes larger amount of funds to WTO, IMF and World Bank so sometimes they give some privileges to these nations. Answer 2: Exchange rate system Exchange rate is the rate at which the currency of one country can be exchanged with another. There are two types of exchange rate system, which are fixed and floating. Fixed exchange rate is one, which is decided by the central bank of a country. This rate is determined based on a powerful world currency like US dollar, Euro and Pound. Whereas fluctuating exchange rate is one, which is determined by the private market analyzing supply and demand. This rate changes constantly. Different nations use different exchange rate system because they differ in their aims and objectives. More than 43% of the countries all over the world follow floating rate exchange system (Ahmed and Zlate 2014). Developing countries often tends to adopt floating exchange rate system as they want foreign exposure in their home market whereas developed countries adopt fixed exchange rate system to provide stability to their business. Answer 3: Roles played by World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank in world economy Dealing in the foreign exchange market can be very risky and unsafe so organization like WTO, IMF and World Bank comes in between to ensure balance. Their roles involve providing security and safety of the transaction entered in the international market. WTO has made many rules and regulation according to those organizations all over the world should enter into global trade. IMF plays a very vital role in maintaining financial stability, promote employment opportunities, reduce poverty all over the world and manage balance of payment (Andreou, Matsi and Savvides 2013). The main objective of World Bank is to provide loans to the organization in the developing and under developed countries. It can be said that they are club of rich rations as they provide more benefits to rich countries who contribute more funds to them References Rugman, A. Collinson, S. (2012)International business[Online]. New York: Pearson. (Accessed 12 January 2015). Adrei, L.C. (2014) Economic convergence, part of advanced European integration,Internal Auditing Risk Management,9 (2), pp.13-21. Ahmed, S. Zlate, A. (2014) Capital flows to emerging market economies: a brave new world?Journal of International Money and Finance, 48 (PB), pp.221-248. Andreou, E., Matsi, M. Savvides, A. (2013) Stock and foreign exchange market linkages in emerging economies,Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 27, pp.248-268.